The Definitive Handbook to Research Paper Writing Help

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Unspoken Boundaries in I Served the King of England and The Family of Pascual Duarte - Literature Essay Samples

The concept of an `unspoken’ boundary is one drenched in ambiguity, with any clear sense of its nature, function and effect seeming initially obscure. However, these unnoticeable boundaries still exert a strong restrictive grip on both protagonist and narrative in Bohumil Hrabal’s novel I Served The King Of England and Camilo Josà © Cela’s text The Family of Pascual Duarte. In my analysis of Hrabal’s novel, I hope to explicate both the function and effect of these spectral boundaries on the antihero Ditie, as he attempts to transgress both national and social borders. Next, in an attempt to theorise the nature and extent of these invisible boundaries in Pascual Duarte, I will focus my analysis on the novel’s paratext; by this I mean the series of narrative fragments that act as a frame for Pascual’s confession. In his novel, Hrabal depicts various silent barriers working in concert to hold back his timid protagonist, Ditie; conversely, Cela presents a dense matrix of liminal boundaries that threaten both destruction and collapse upon the wider narrative. Both texts, however, can be seen as haunted and confined by an abundance of these `unspoken’ boundaries. Ditie initially seems able to traverse the visible boundaries of national difference, being on a strictly material level accepted by the Germans currently occupying his native country. He remarks that none less than `the Bureau for the Defense of German Honour and Blood could find no objection to my marrying an Aryan of German blood’1, and this double evocation of `blood’ reflects these purely biological grounds on which Ditie is grudgingly accepted into the Reich. This sense of acceptance even extends to his denial of the Czech name `DitÄ›, which means child’ (Hrabal, pg. 135). Recoiling from the infantile nature of `child’, Ditie states triumphantly that `Now I was Herr Ditie, and for the Germans there was no child in my name’ (Hrabal, pg. 135). This bestowal of the German honorific `Herr’ appears to officially name Ditie a German subject, suggesting that the boundary of nationality has been truly surmounted. However, Hrabal punctures th is optimism by confining Ditie within an unspoken boundary of racial prejudice. After his wedding to Lise, Ditie notes `that they put up with me as an Aryan but still considered me a dumb Bohemian despite my bright yellow hair’ (Hrabal, pg. 143). Despite fulfilling the surface requirements of the Master Race, namely `bright yellow hair’ and the aforementioned `German blood’, Ditie cannot cross this invisible barrier; he remains `a dumb Bohemian’. Later on, Hrabal puts this even more starkly when Ditie states `I became an alien’ (Hrabal, pg. 144). This self-classification as `alien’ is the ultimate estrangement from his alleged new compatriots; Ditie’s attempt to cross the tacit boundaries of racial prejudice is depicted as one that results only in complete social alienation. Critic and cultural theorist Raymond Williams interprets alienation in his â€Å"Keywords† as an `extensive feeling of a division between man and societyâ €™2. Hrabal echoes this sense of the word through his depiction of an unspoken, yet rigidly policed `division’ between Ditie and thepparatus of the Third Reich. Ditie, over the course of I Served the King of England, also appears to effectively transgress visible boundaries of social class. His upward mobility is explicitly the result of war crimes, namely the theft and sale of Jewish property; nonetheless, Ditie declares brazenly `I was big now, I was a millionaire’ (Hrabal, pg. 183). He brags of his wealth, openly `talking about my million crowns and my Hotel in the Quarry’ (Hrabal, pg. 194) to his fellow millionaires in the seminary. However, despite owning this `Hotel in the Quarry’, therefore fulfilling the material requirement to join the prestigious Association of Hotelkeepers, Ditie laments that `those hotel owners could still make me feel humiliated, because I wasn’t one of them, I wasn’t of equal rank’ (Hrabal, pg. 182). The reason for this lack of `equal rank’, this reduction to lower levels of the social hierarchy despite material wealth, is revealed by Hrabal to be another invisib le boundary; in this case, one that again limits Ditie in overcoming his alienation from wider society. The nature of this boundary is revealed when Ditie describes his fellow millionaires as having `got their millions a long time ago, long before the war, whereas I was a war profiteer’ (Hrabal, pg. 194). This conception of Ditie as an upstart, a nouveau riche, means that he can never truly join the established bourgeois elite, represented in the novel by hoteliers Mr Brandejs and Mr Ã…  roubek. Hrabal, therefore, depicts the final untraversable, unspoken boundary in his novel as one constituted by systematic class prejudice. The Family of Pascual Duarte is also confined by its own unspoken boundary, in this case a multiplicity of fictional paratexts; Cela uses notes, letters and dedications to both surround and enclose the main text of the novel, casting doubt on its veracity and destabilising its foundations. The first paratext of the novel is a `Preliminary Note from the Transcriber’3, which details the ordering and censorship of Pascual’s manuscript under the auspice of an unnamed, mysterious `Transcriber’. The adjective `Preliminary’ emphasises the primacy of these paratexts in relation to the main text of the novel; Cela subverts any notions of textual purity from the outset, trapping Pascual’s confessions within nebulous boundaries of censorship and outside influence. This censorship can be seen when the Transcriber notes that `Certain passages, which were too crude, I have preferred to cut out rather than rewrite’ (Cela, pg. 4). Additionally, Pascual himse lf practices self-censorship in his letter to Don Joaquà ­n, remarking that `There were some things would have made me retch in my soul to relate, and I preferred to remain silent and try to forget them’ (Cela, pg. 6). With this removal of aspects deemed `too crude’, Cela makes it clear that this double censorship is of a moralising nature. Therefore, traditional morality can be read as another system of invisible boundaries limiting Pascual from truly communicating to his readers, fictional and otherwise. Critics Bennett and Royle, in their chapter on literary openings, note that deployment of paratexts can help a text to displace its own beginning4; in Pascual Duarte, Cela not only displaces the `true’ beginning of his novel, but also actively undermines it. Other paratexts, the unspoken boundaries to the diegetic world of Pascual’s manuscript, threaten the destruction of the narrative before it even begins. An extract from the will of Don Joaquà ­n, first recipient of Pascual’s manuscript, expresses a wish for the text to be `consigned to the flames’ (Cela, pg. 9), and Pascual himself in his letter speaks of `throwing it into the fire in a moment of despondency’ (Cela, pg. 5). This double evocation of a cleansing `fire’ establishes the text as a cursed, taboo object with a destabilising effect on its (fictional) readers. This method of textual destruction is especially violent, when compared with the careful censorships noted beforehand; yet these three paratexts (the transcriber’s note, Pascual’s letter and Don Joaquà ­n’s will) all contribute to depicting the upcoming narrative as one both cursed and immoral, condemning the text before it is even presented to the reader. This p aratextual preconception of Pascual as `not a model to be imitated, but to be shunned’ (Cela, pg. 4) acts as another tacit boundary, in that it confines Pascual’s attempt to portray himself as morally good within his own confession; a proclivity seen in his opening address to the reader, where he pleads `I am not, sir, a bad person, though in all truth I am not lacking in reasons for being one’ (Cela, pg. 13). Jacques Derrida, in â€Å"Of Grammatology†, declares that `There is no outside text’5. Cela reflects this by having the `outside’ frame of his novel, the paratexts, hold back Pascual’s attempts at a complete confession, and therefore any chance of extricating himself `from the mud of crime and sin’ (Cela, pg. 150). The final paratext presented by Cela is the most limiting to any notion of narrative coherence within Pascual Duarte. Pascual dedicates his manuscript `To the memory of the distinguished patrician Don Jesà ºs†¦ who, at the moment when the author of this chronicle came to kill him, called him Pascualillo, and smiled’ (Cela, pg. 11). This event is absent within the novel; therefore, this dedication serves to draw attention towards an unspoken hole within the novel proper, fragmenting any sense of textual unity completely. This hole within the diegetic world effects a narrative collapse, latent until the end of the novel; it is this collapse which induces the novel’s abrupt end in mid-sentence-`I could breathe†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Cela, pg. 158). The effect of this plunge into incoherence are noted by the transcriber, who remarks that `we know nothing, absolutely nothing, about Pascual Duarte in his later epoch’ (Cela, pg. 160). The double negative ‘nothing, absolutely nothing’ reinforces this sense of a narrative void, a gap only discernible to the reader via the clues within the novel’s paratext. It is possible to read this hole in the narrative as Cela evading the dangerous topic of the Spanish Civil War, for fear of political reprisal; in this reading, the hint at revolutionary violence in the murder of `the distinguished patrician’ in the paratext is an especially subversive one. Therefore, it is possible to interpret the Civil War as the ultimate unspoken boundary that holds back the scope of the narrative of Pascual Duarte, a taboo event which can only be gestured at obliquely in the novel’s paratext. Both I Served the King of England and The Family of Pascual Duarte present a series of unspoken, taboo boundaries that both hold back and confine their respective narratives. Hrabal depicts his protagonist, Ditie, as being continually frustrated in his traversal of visible social borders by invisible, inferred boundaries of racial and class prejudice. These boundaries limit Ditie in order to effect a complete societal alienation, an estrangement that culminates in Ditie’s exile in the Czech borderlands. Likewise, Cela deploys an extensive system of fictional paratexts to both restrict and control his text’s ability to present a coherent, uncompromised narrative to the reader. However, Hrabal’s usage of unspoken boundaries differs sharply from Cela; in his novel, they are presented as visible obstacles within the main narrative, and are clearly apparent to the reader within it. They are only `unspoken’ in that they represent the hidden prejudices which stag nate any attempt by Ditie to truly transcend his nationality and social class. Cela, conversely, compromises his narrative with silent barriers of censorship, and undermines the visible, stated boundaries of his plot by referring to `unspoken’ events not presented to the reader. Ultimately, it is therefore apparent that the unspoken boundaries in Cela’s text are far more insidious, far-reaching and malevolent than those in Hrabal’s. Bibliography: Bennett, Andrew and Nicholas Royle, An Introduction To Literature, Criticism And Theory (Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman, 2004) Cela, Camilo Jose and Anthony Kerrigan, The Family Of Pascual Duarte, Translated By Anthony Kerrigan (USA: Little, Brown and Co., 1964) Derrida, Jacques, Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) Hrabal, Bohumil, I Served The King Of England (London: Vintage, 2006) Williams, Raymond, Keywords (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985) 1Bohumil Hrabal, I Served The King Of England (London: Vintage, 2006), Pg. 141. Further references to this source follow quotations in the text. 2Raymond Williams, Keywords (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), Pg. 36. 3Camilo Jose Cela and Anthony Kerrigan, The Family Of Pascual Duarte, Translated By Anthony Kerrigan (USA: Little, Brown and Co., 1964), Pg. 3. Further references to this source follow quotations in the text. 4Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royle, An Introduction To Literature, Criticism And Theory (Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman, 2004), Pg. 6. 5Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), Pg. 158.

Tips on Writing an Observational Essay

Tips on Writing an Observational EssayThere are numerous tips on composing an observational exposition. In any case, in case you're just acquainted with the essentials, you may battle with regards to beginning. Here are a couple of pointers to kick you off. Take these tips and apply them to the style you'd prefer to create.You ought to never consider yourself composing an article. Rather, you are composing a paper. So you need to utilize 'I' rather than 'we' in all discussions and spotlight on your own understanding. Try not to be embarrassed or modest about it.Use the inquiries to communicate your sentiments, regardless of whether they appear to be fairly senseless. Attempt to interface those emotions to your perception. This is an extraordinary method to communicate your contemplations. Try not to be hesitant to share them since you're certain to be invited by perusers who will need to know more.Stop composing when you feel that the point has been made. On the off chance that you w ind up nearly completing, slowly inhale, set aside some effort to think, and choose whether or not you'd prefer to proceed. In case you're not in affection with the paper, move on.Take a breather and let the piece rest a piece before proceeding onward. There is no mischief in arranging, so in the event that you need a couple of moments, proceed onward. At the point when you're done, you'll feel greatly improved and have the option to compose preferred and quicker over before.Pay thoughtfulness regarding the structure. You should utilize the accompanying arrangement: 'I'm composing an observational article on...' (include your name). You can separate your perceptions into segments or take only one area. Likewise, keep it brief, close to three sentences. On the off chance that you feel the exposition is excessively long, you may have a go at decreasing a couple of passages to prepare for other elements.If you've at any point battled with the sort of paper you composed, give these tips a shot composing an observational article. It may require some investment, however you'll before long observe that your own experience is a higher priority than you suspected. On the off chance that you've been battling, proceed onward, let yourself have some space and allowed your perceptions to observations.

Essay Topics For Handmaids Tale - How Can They Survive?

<h1>Essay Topics For Handmaid's Tale - How Can They Survive?</h1><p>Out of all the paper subjects for the Handmaid's Tale, one of the more noticeable topics would be that of being separated from everyone else. This topic comes in a wide range of structures: being distant from everyone else, the passing of a friend or family member, and estrangement from society at large.</p><p></p><p>For the ladies who are in the arrangement the primary thing to know is that nobody will need to live in their reality. Handmaids are consistently mindful of how they are extraordinary and feel strongly powerless about their new status. They are not the only one and the main explanation they even have the chance to attempt to make something out of their lives is on the grounds that they have been decided to live among the individuals who make up society. So the inquiry turns out to be; the means by which do the Handmaids adapt to being only a couple of ladies in a general public that is so huge and diverse?</p><p></p><p>The just individual who can offer the Handmaids the guidance they need in this circumstance is a handmaid herself. She has known this sort of life previously and can identify with the manner in which their lives are not quite the same as her own. Actually, she knows only the things that she needs to do to get by also. Her whole inspiration lies in her endurance and in her perspective on world as a specialist and better than those around her.</p><p></p><p>Essays can be expounded on such issues. This is the thing that makes this arrangement so intriguing. It is one of only a handful not many that will furnish you with a totally alternate point of view. By what method can a lady endure living among men when men can endure any sort of circumstance thus can women?</p><p></p><p>With the opportunities that the Handmaids have now, their lives will undoubtedly cha nge. It is just a short time before they become autonomous, however that will possibly occur in the event that they have faith in themselves and decide to stay with the things that they love. A handmaid can generally seek after additional, however they will never at any point arrive at that objective. To them it is basic: survive.</p><p></p><p>I'm sure that in any event one of the paper points for the Handmaid's Tale will be about things that will influence the Handmaids themselves. It is an issue of endurance and an issue of self-esteem. The Handmaids must acknowledge that they are sub-par compared to people around them inside and out possible.</p><p></p><p>There is one other suggestion I might want to give on article subjects for the Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaids will endure however the general public that they occupy won't. Each man, lady, youngster, or business that they come into contact with will see them as a mediocre species. What they do in their lives will decide the sort of society they will be a section of.</p>

Top MovieGreat Opinion Essay Topics About The Dark Knight Rises

<h1>Top MovieGreat Opinion Essay Topics About The Dark Knight Rises</h1><p>In this article I will examine how to compose a supposition paper point about The Dark Knight Rises, The Amazing Spiderman 2, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1, and Cinderella. I will likewise give you a few hints on the most proficient method to get feedback.</p><p></p><p>I'm a major fanatic of any set of three that is a continuation or prequel to the first films. They are well worth seeing, and you can make a similar explanation about The Dark Knight Rises, The Amazing Spiderman 2, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1. In this way, what are a portion of my preferred film extraordinary assessments exposition themes about The Dark Knight Rises, The Amazing Spiderman 2, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1?</p><p></p><p>My most loved film incredible supposition article points about The Dark Knight Rises is the plot . You can't recount to the account of Batman without clarifying why the Batman and lowlifess battle. There's an explanation they battle, and it is consistently as much about ensuring Gotham City for what it's worth about preventing the scoundrels from breaking into Gotham City in any case. Despite the fact that the scoundrels lose the majority of their battle, Batman gets in his a lot of critical battles to get his Gotham City back.</p><p></p><p>My second most loved film extraordinary sentiment paper themes about The Dark Knight Rises is the heading. The film figures out how to be a fun, amusing, and activity stuffed film, regardless of whether the activity scenes are over-the-top. The beneficial thing about the chief's cutting the activity groupings in manners that don't show the CGI is that they permit Batman to truly sparkle. A decent activity succession makes the crowd mind and appreciate the movie.</p><p></p><p>My third most loved film incredible feeling article points about The Dark Knight Rises is the cast. Christopher Nolan and chief Christopher Nolan have made a story with the best cast at any point set up. From Heath Ledger's abhorrent passing to the magnificent Gotham City police division, this is a film that all the Gotham City cast merits. The film has a ton of characters, yet every last one of them has enough character advancement to make them fascinating and likeable.</p><p></p><p>My fourth most loved film incredible conclusion article points about The Dark Knight Rises is the completion. It is dim, it is clever, and it is the finish of the Batman establishment as we probably am aware it. It gives the last Batman film certainty and honesty that different motion pictures lacked.</p><p></p><p>These are my main four moviegreat assessments exposition themes about The Dark Knight Rises. In the event that you haven't seen the film yet, I strongly suggest yo u look at it. There are loads of extraordinary film incredible papers about it accessible on the off chance that you need to peruse more.</p>

Writing a College Essay Without an Outline

<h1>Writing a College Essay Without an Outline</h1><p>Writing a school English paper isn't as basic as an author might want to accept. Numerous school essayists don't have the foggiest idea where to start, and how to begin, when they start their composition. On the off chance that you need some assistance, here are a few hints to get you started.</p><p></p><p>One of the most noticeably awful things about composing a school exposition is that there are such a large number of things to recall, that undergrads will lose enthusiasm for the course. In this way, understudies who feel overpowered by all the data required, can deal with a basic course diagram to make the paper more obvious. This blueprint will incorporate all the data an understudy needs to comprehend the topic.</p><p></p><p>You should give your general information first, with the goal that your peruser will have the option to concentrate on your particular fo cuses. A genuine case of this is good to go English, the principle thought behind the course is the subject of publicizing. When the crowd comprehends what it is you are attempting to state, at that point they can return to the focal thought. Recollect that a business English understudy should keep their crowd at the focal point of the paper, since they are probably going to turn into a compelling piece of the course.</p><p></p><p>One case of a general thought that can assist with making a blueprint is to record your general sentiment about a specific thought or subject. For instance, on the off chance that you are composing an exposition about how government-supported grants assist understudies with setting off for college, at that point you ought to record your general sentiments about the subject, just as what issues understudies with money related troubles may encounter.</p><p></p><p>Once the general thought is recorded, you should then turn the thought over and check whether it fits with what you recorded previously. The possibility that you have put down ought not be unique, yet it ought not struggle with what you have just said either.</p><p></p><p>Other thoughts for a framework can be found on the web, which can be useful to undergrads who are attempting to compose papers. You can discover a wide range of methods of making a decent framework, and you should exploit them. Best of all, you can utilize these strategies to make your paper simpler to peruse and comprehend and to use in your genuine school composing assignments.</p><p></p><p>When you are done with your article, ensure that you recall what you gained from it, so you can apply what you have figured out how to your own work. In the event that you had the option to get a general thought of the theme, you ought to return and check whether you can't do something very similar in a marginally unique manne r. You should attempt to make it more clear and stay away from where it will turn out to be too confusing.</p><p></p><p>Hopefully, in the wake of perusing this you will have the option to make a fundamental framework for your school composing assignments. The significant thing is to consistently begin with a general thought and afterward develop from that point. You should begin composing your paper today and follow the blueprint precisely, and you will have a greatly improved possibility of composing a quality school exposition than if you keep on composing without an outline.</p>

What Is Honor Program Essay Samples?

<h1>What Is Honor Program Essay Samples?</h1><p>If you are going to go into the field of a school program, you will probably compose expositions must be something you can exceed expectations at. School affirmations officials need to see that you can compose lucidly, that you are a balanced scholar and that you can make associations that will bring the subject into life for them.</p><p></p><p>The first thing you have to do is ensure you are accepting articles that are deserving of the sort of criticism you anticipate from them. This is the reason you should look at respect program paper tests in any case. The more you practice and the more regularly you compose, the better you will become at what you do.</p><p></p><p>One of the most ideal approaches to get the right stuff you requirement for composing is to begin with respect program exposition tests. These sorts of expositions are one of the most significant pieces of the procedure. When you know about the stuff to exceed expectations at composing an elegantly composed paper, it won't be excessively well before you are one of the absolute best students.</p><p></p><p>Now the inquiry is, how would you begin and how might you demonstrate to the affirmations office that you are an understudy they ought to be keen on? Numerous understudies feel this is a troublesome procedure however it doesn't need to be that way. The truth of the matter is that you don't need to invest the entirety of your energy and cash taking classes and studying.</p><p></p><p>You can discover a few different ways that will assist you with graduating and that will assist you with continueing on with your training. The most serious issue a great deal of understudies face is they believe that they must be on an exacting financial plan. They need to constrain their spending and they need to avoid credit cards.</p><p></p& gt;<p>If you settle on a decision to follow this way, you will experience a great deal of difficulty with regards to the whole procedure. Numerous understudies acknowledge they don't have to do this and they discover approaches to support themselves. A considerable lot of these understudies give little consideration to them and they invest most of their energy experiencing the process.</p><p></p><p>One thing you ought to do to make yourself a superior understudy is to discover tests of articles that school affirmation officials might want to see. This is definitely not a troublesome errand since a significant number of these individuals compose these kinds of papers each day. Exploit this since they will need to take a gander at your work and it will assist you with liking yourself.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you need to realize that you are not the only one with regards to the issues that are included. There are numerous understudies who have had this happen to them and they are happy to help other people. This is the reason you have to exploit assets that are out there and grab the degree that you can.</p>

Does Underwriter Reputation Affect The Performance Of Ipo Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5271 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In this paper we examine the relationship between performance of the Chinese IPO firms and the reputation of investment bankers underwriting their stocks. Similar to previous studies on well-developed stock markets, we find that the initial return on the first day of trading is strongly positive for Chinese IPO stocks due to underpricing. This initial return is negatively related to the underwriters reputation, suggesting that the better the reputation of the underwriter, the less underpricing and hence, the lower the initial return of the IPO stock. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Underwriter Reputation Affect The Performance Of Ipo Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Extending the analysis to a ten-day window after the first trading day, we find that the cumulative return becomes negative but that the stocks with more prestigious underwriters experience less decline. We also examine the three-year return of the IPOs. Contrary to previous findings, we find a positive long-run return for the Chinese IPO stocks. This long-run return is positively correlated with underwriter reputation. Finally, we find some evidence of positive long-run operating performance for the IPO firms that employ more prestigious underwriters. 1. Introduction The underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs) is a well-known phenomenon. Many studies have attempted to offer an explanation for the underpricing of IPOs and their long-term performance (see, for example, Loughran and Ritter, 2002; Ritter and Welch, 2002).[1]A substantial body of research on the initial public offering of common stocks examines the effects of underwriter reputation on the initial and long-run performance of IPOs (see, among others, Logue, 1973; Beatty and Ritter, 1986; Titman and Trueman, 1986; Carter and Manaster, 1990; Maksimovic and Unal, 1993; and Carter et al., 1998). The financial press also provides some evidence of the correlation between IPO performance and underwriter reputation (See Forbes June 20, 1994). However, most previous studies have investigated the markets of developed countries, especially the U.S. stock market. None of them has examined the effects of underwriter reputation on the performance of Chinese IPO stocks. Furthermore, no prior r esearch has documented the relationship between the accounting performance of IPOs and underwriter reputation. Logue (1973) and Beatty and Ritter (1986) are among the first to examine the effect of underwriter reputation. Later studies use different reputation measures to examine the relationship between underwriter reputation and IPO performance. Carter and Manaster (1990, hereafter CM) use underwriters relative placements in stock offering tombstone announcements, Johnson and Miller (1988, hereafter JM) classify underwriters into one of four prestige categories, and Megginson and Weiss (1991, hereafter MW) use the relative market share of underwriters as a proxy for their reputation. Michaely and Shaw (1994) find that IPOs managed by high-prestige investment bankers tend to have smaller initial returns and less negative long-run returns than do IPOs handled by low-prestige underwriters. Brav and Gompers (1996) find that venture-capital-backed IPOs outperform nonventure-backed offerings five years after the offering date. Carter et al. (1998) find that each of the three reputation proxies (C M, JM and MW) is significantly related to the initial returns of IPO stocks. The better the underwriters reputation, the smaller the short-run underpricing and the less severe the long-run underperformance of IPO stocks. Liu and Wu (2002) show that other things being equal, underwriters with better reputations incur a smaller amount of underpricing. They find that underwriter prestige is negatively related to the mean and standard deviation of the initial return of IPO stocks. Although no widely accepted theory has been developed, it is generally believed that IPOs marketed by high-prestige underwriters will experience less severe short-run and long-run underperformance in stock returns and better long-run earnings performance. Chemmanur and Fulghieri (1994) argue that investors count on the investment banks past performance, measured by the quality of IPO firms assisted by them, to assess their credibility. By marketing IPOs with better short-run and long-run performance, investment banks enhance their reputation. Hence, we expect underwriter prestige to be positively related to the short- or long-run market-adjusted returns of IPO stocks. Several papers have investigated the issue of IPO underpricing in China. Mok and Hui (1998) examine the pricing of IPOs in the early years (before 1993) of Chinas stock market development. Su and Fleisher (1999) employ signaling theory to explain the underpricing of IPOs in China. Chan, Wang and Wei (2002) explain the underpricing of IPOs with several institutional variables and investigate short- and long-run stock return and accounting earnings performance relative to different benchmarks. Surprisingly, there are virtually no studies on the effects of underwriter reputation on the IPO performance in the Chinese stock market. In this paper, we examine underwriter reputation and the performance of IPO stocks in the Chinese market. First, we investigate the extent of underpricing, the short-and long-run stock returns following the IPO, and the relationship of these returns to underwriter reputation. Second, we examine the relationship between underwriter reputation and the future accounting performance of IPO firms. A closer examination of Chinas IPO market is warranted for several reasons. First, the institutional and economic environment in China is quite different from most other countries where the effects of underwriters have been investigated extensively. An interesting characteristic of the Chinese IPO market is that the aggregate amount of new shares issued each year is determined by the central government. New issues typically represent a small proportion of the outstanding shares, as the majority of firm shares is owned by the state or other legal entities, and cannot be sold to public investors. Therefore, the management and ownership structure is very different from the IPO firms in other countries. Second, Chinas stock markets have been in smooth operation for only about ten years. Investors are not as knowledgeable and sophisticated as those in well-developed countries. In addition, there is only a nascent institutional investment community in China. Consequently, stock prices are driven by the actions of private investors who typically own very few shares and have done very little investment analysis. These institutional and regulatory differences between China and other countries suggest that the findings from the IPO studies in the U.S. and elsewhere may not directly apply to the Chinese market. For example, underwriter reputation may be more important for the Chinese market because investors are less knowledgeable and have less information on the new stock issues. Thus, Chinese investors may be more willing to accept less underpricing (premium) when stocks are underw ritten by investment bankers with better reputation. Moreover, Chinese IPO market is not well developed. To ensure a successful underwriting, firms have a greater incentive to seek underwriters with good reputation. On the other hand, most of Chinese investment banks are established by central government offices or state-owned firms. Also, the majority of firm shares is owned by the state or other legal entities. Consequently, political relationship may play a very important role in the underwriter selection.[2]For these reasons, underwriter reputation may have different impacts on IPOs in China than in other markets. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the characteristics of the Chinese IPO market and review prior research on this market. Section 3 discusses data and empirical methodology while Section 4 presents empirical results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper. 2. Chinese IPO markets In 1978, China initiated various reforms to restructure its economy towards a socialist-market economy. An important step for this movement was privatizing state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by issuing shares to the public via IPOs. Although the first privatization took place in 1984, subsequent IPO activity was quite modest. In all, there were only 44 IPO issues between 1984 and 1990. The low popularity of IPOs was due in large part to the fact that there were no organized stock exchanges to trade shares. Recognizing the lack of market liquidity, the state established two new stock exchanges in Shanghai and Shenzhen in December 1990 and July 1991, respectively. Before the establishment of these two stock exchanges, the underwriting industry effectively did not exist. With the rapid growth in the stock market, this new industry began to develop quickly. According to a report of The Peoples Bank of China (the central bank of China), by year 2001 there are 177 investment banks authorized to underwrite the IPOs. The total asset of the 177 investment banks is 550 billion RMB, and their total liability is 478 billion. All investment banks are established by some government departments or large state owned firms. Thus, the state has a large control power on these investment banks. The initial public offering process is quite similar with that of the U.S. except that there are more regulations and more tedious application process. A substantial proportion of the initial public offerings is linked to the privatization of state-owned firms. The Chinese government introduced five major categories of shares: (1) state shares, which are held by the State Assets Management Bureau (SAMB); (2) institutional shares held by other state-owned enterprises; (3) employee shares held by managers and employees; (4) ordinary domestic shares (or A-shares), which can be purchased only by Chinese citizens on the Shanghai or Shenzhen Exchange; and (5) foreign shares, which can be purchased only by foreign investors in Mainland China (B-shares), through the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (H-shares) or the NYSE (N-shares). Only A-shares and B-shares are traded on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges. The first three types of shares are not tradable in official exchanges, whereas trading of employee shares is allowed some time (typically one year) after the IPO. The stock offering process in China has vestiges of the Chinese transitional economy with socialist planning. The initial public offering process is more complicated from other countries due to heavier regulation. First, the aggregate value of new shares to be issued each year is part of the national investment and credit plan. The new issue quota is determined jointly by the State Council Securities Committee (SCSC), the State Planning Commission (SPC), and the Peoples Bank of China (PBOC), which is the central bank of China. The quota is allocated to provinces as well as to municipalities. The criteria used for allocation among provinces include the assessment of regional industrial structures, and the need for balanced regional development. Given each regional quota, local securities authorities invite enterprises to request a listing and then make a selection based on the issuing firm performance and regional development objectives. This process of selecting enterprises for listi ng in China differs considerably from other countries, where the decision to list a stock is usually determined by the stock exchange. The selected firms then submit their application for initial public offering to China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). In their application, firms must provide the details about the offering such as when and where the shares will be offered, offering price, the number of shares to be offered, underwriter and the type of underwriting, etc. Once a firm is admitted to issue new shares through an IPO, it will select an underwriting syndicate to issue its shares. In China, most investment bankers issue IPO stocks under a firm commitment. In order to protect the domestic investment banking industry, foreign investment banks are not allowed to underwrite A-shares. Thus, all A-share IPOs issues are underwritten by domestic investment banks mostly owned by the state. Foreign investment banks can only underwrite B, H, N and other foreign shares. Based on the report of China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), there are only 48 foreign underwriters by 2001 authorized to underwrite B, H, N and other foreign shares. These 48 foreign underwriters come from several different places, including the U.S, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, France and other countries. Foreign underwriters generally have higher reputation in their own country, and but less known in China. In this study, we focus on the underwriting of A shares and the domestic investment banks which underwrite them. There is a body of research that investigates the development of Chinas privatization program and the stock price behavior of listed companies. Corporate earnings typically decline subsequent to listing, a phenomenon in contrast to the findings from studies of other markets. Very high initial returns have been recorded on the first day of IPO listings (e.g., Bailey, 1994; Mok and Hui, 1998; Chen et al., 1999; Chan, Wang, and Wei, 2002), but long-term stock returns and earnings performance are mixed. Mok and Hui (1998) find that positive returns have been achieved a year after listing, while Chan, Wang, and Wei (2002) find that the IPOs underperform the matched non-IPO stocks three years after listing, whether from the view point of stock returns or the earnings performance. These studies focus on the return and earnings performance of IPO stocks. None of them has examined the effect of underwriter reputation on the performance of Chinese IPOs. 3. Data and empirical methodology Our stock return and accounting data are retrieved from the Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) database. Information concerning the particulars of each offering, including the number of shares offered by the firm, the underwriters involved, and the offering price have been obtained from CSRC, SHSE and SZSE. All IPOs made from 1990 to 2001 with required data are included in the sample. As mentioned earlier, although the first privatization case took place in 1984, subsequent IPO activity was quite modest, with only 44 issues between 1984 and 1990. Since there werent any official stock exchanges during this period, we have excluded these IPO issues from this study. The sample selection process is summarized in Table I. The final sample includes 944 IPOs issued from 1990 to 2001. Several proxies for underwriter reputation have been employed in previous studies. In this paper, we use the underwriter reputation measures as defined by Carter and Manaster (1990, CM) and Megginson and Weiss (1991, MW). Specifically, we use the number of IPOs underwritten and the relative market share of an investment banker in stock offerings as a proxy for underwriter reputation. We use underwriters relative placements in stock offering tombstone announcements to obtain the CM measure. First, we count how many IPOs that each investment bank has underwritten, and rank the underwriters by this number. We use 50% and 80% to divide the whole underwriters into three groups: low, median and high reputations. The MW measure is constructed using the same process used to obtain CM measure, except that we use the total market value as a criterion to separate the whole underwriters into three groups. We define three levels of underwriter prestige based on the ranking of each reputation prox y, with a score of three representing the most prestigious level and one representing the least prestigious level. To evaluate the aftermarket performance of IPOs, we calculate returns for three periods: (1) the initial return period from the offering date to the first public trading date; (2) the short-term aftermarket period which covers a ten-day period after the IPO, exclusive of the first day of trading; (3) the long-term aftermarket period, which covers a three-year horizon after the IPO, exclusive of the first day of trading. The initial period vary somewhat by IPO issues. Panel B of Table 1 reports the summary statistics of the initial period. We compute the initial return as the percentage difference between the closing price of the first trading date and the offer price: (1) where is the initial return of stock j on the first trading day (day 0), is the closing price of stock j on day 0, and is the offering price of stock j. We also adjust the return for the market effect: (2) where is the market-adjusted return of an IPO stock on day 0, is the closing value of the corresponding A-share market index on the first trading day of the new issue j, is the closing value of the corresponding A-share market index on the day the new issue j is offered. The mean-adjusted initial return is: (3) where N denotes the number of companies in an IPO portfolio. The short- or long-run aftermarket performance is computed based on the buy-and-hold strategy. In order to test the effect of underwriter reputation on short-run returns, we calculate the return over a ten-day horizon after the first trading day, since underwriters usually stabilize the stock price in this period due to their firm commitment to price support. The buy-and-hold return for firm j (Rj) over a ten-day horizon is (4) where represents the return of firm js stock on day t. The initial return on the first trading day is not included in the above calculation. The market-adjusted ten-day return can be computed as: (5) where represents the return of the corresponding A-share market index on day t. The mean market-adjusted return over the ten-day horizon is (6) We next calculate the return for the each of the 36 months following the first day of stock trading. Following Ritter (1991), we assume there are 21 trading days in one month, instead of using a calendar month. Therefore, the first month consists of the first 21 trading days after the first trading day (denoted as day 0), the second month consists of day 22 through day 42, and so on. The long-run aftermarket cumulative return till month T (= 36) for firm j (CRjT) is computed as: (7) where represents the return of firm js stock on day t. Again, the return on the first trading day is not included. The market-adjusted return can be computed as: (8) where represents the return of the corresponding A-share market index on day t. Similarly, the mean market-adjusted cumulative return till month T is computed as follows: (9) Ritter (1991) and Loughran and Ritter (1995) compare the aftermarket return of an IPO portfolio with the returns of non-IPO matching firms (matched by Size, B/M and Size-B/M). Since a relatively high percentage of listed firms in our sample period are IPOs, it is not feasible to construct a meaningful non-IPO matching sample. Instead, we use the buy-and-hold return on the market portfolio as our benchmark return. We examine the explanatory power of the underwriter reputation measures by least squares regressions. Previous studies suggest that underwriter reputation signals the underlying risk of the offering, impounded in the initial return. We segment our sample by underwriter reputation and report the corresponding initial returns, short- and long-run performance for each segment. We use the market-adjusted initial return, short-run return and long-run return as the dependent variables in the regression, and the underwriter reputation measures (CM or MW) as the independent variable. The coefficient for each reputation measure should be negative in the initial return regression. In contrast, for short- and long-run aftermarket return, the coefficient for each reputation measure should be positive if the reputation of investment bankers indeed signals the quality of IPO firms. To assess the marginal impact of underwriter reputation, we control the effects of other IPO characteristics. The first variable is the gross proceeds of the IPO (Size), which is used to control any systematic influence due to the size of the offering. Since larger IPOs are often issued by well-established firms, the risk is expected to be lower and therefore, the initial return is expected to be smaller because these IPO stocks are less underpriced. In contrast, the short- and long-run returns are expected to be larger for these firms because they are more profitable. Based on this argument, the coefficient of size (Size) for the initial return is expected to be negative, while it should be positive for short- and long-run returns. The second variable is the issuing price (Issp). The higher the issuing (offering) price, the lower the initial IPO return. Thus, we expect a negative relationship between the initial IPO return and Issp. The third variable is the lottery ratio (Proba), w hich reflects outside investors demand for new shares. The greater the underpricing of the IPO, the stronger outside investors demand (see Hanley, 1993). This implies a negative relationship between the initial return and Proba. The return regression model can be written as (10) We also estimate this regression model using the market-adjusted ten-day return (AR) and long-run return (ACR) as dependent variables. In the investment banking industry, underwriters with better reputations tend to be more likely to survive market competition. Good underwriters will do their best to price IPOs at the intrinsic values of the firms to prevent losing their reputation and their clients. Also, they tend to market the stocks of high-quality firms. Thus, we expect that the IPOs handled by underwriters with better reputations will have better operating and earnings performance before and after their issuance date. 4. Empirical Results A. Initial IPO returns and Underwriter Reputation Proxies We calculate market-adjusted initial returns of the first trading day for three IPO portfolios, which are formed based on the level of underwriter reputation (either CM or MW measure). Table II provides summary statistics of the initial returns, Size, Issp and Proba. The results in Table II are consistent with the findings of the studies of U.S. and other developed markets. For example, more prestigious investment bankers tend to market the stocks of larger firms with a higher issuance price. As a result, the market-adjusted initial return is negatively related to underwriter reputation. The mean adjusted initial return declines monotonically from 468.44% (466.11%) to 161.18% (159.87%) as the level of underwriter reputation, based on either the CM or MW measure, increases (from a scale of one to three). The standard deviation of the market-adjusted initial return also declines monotonically with the level of underwriter prestige. We also calculate the mean issuance price for each por tfolio. Consistent with these findings, the mean issuance price of the IPOs increases from 6.09 (6.64) to 9.84 (9.84) as underwriter prestige increases from low to high. Panels A and B show that the differences among the returns of the three reputation groups are very large and significant at the 1% level. For example, the difference in the initial returns (market adjusted) between the low and high prestige groups is 307.26% (307.26%) and significant at the 1% level based on the CM measure. Similar results are found for the groups ranked by the MW measure. The results of regressions on the market-adjusted initial return are presented in Table III. The variables of primary interest are the CM and MW underwriter prestige measures. We first estimate the univariate regressions against each reputation measure and control variable, and then estimate the multivariate regressions by including all variables. As expected, the coefficients for CM and MW are all negative and significant at the 1% level for both univariate (rows 1 and 2) and multivariate regressions (rows 6 and 7). Carter et al. (1998) find that the CM measure outperforms the MW measure in explaining the IPO return. In contrast, we find that the performance of these two measures (CM and MW) is quite similar. In addition, the coefficient for each control variable is as expected. The coefficients of control variables are all negative and significant at least at the 5% level. B. Short-Run Performance and Underwriter Reputation When the demand is weak after listing, the lead underwriter will stabilize the stock price through various activities aimed at reducing the selling pressure. Chan, Wang and Wei (2002) show that in the short run the IPOs underperform several market benchmarks. However, they have not examined the relationship between the stock performance of IPOs and underwriter reputation. Table IV presents the cumulative returns and cumulative market-adjusted returns for the IPO portfolios underwritten by investment banks of varying prestige. Panels A and B report these results based on CM and MW reputation proxies, respectively. As shown, all six IPO portfolios underperform the market over the ten-day horizon immediately after the first trading day. This result is consistent with the finding of Chan, Wang and Wei (2002). Our primary interest here is the relative performance of these portfolios. For either reputation proxy (CM or MW), the cumulative return of portfolio 1 is lower than that of portfolio 3 over the ten-day horizon. Based on the CM reputation proxy, the cumulative market-adjusted return is -5.20% for the portfolio with the worst underwriters while it is -2.56% for the portfolio with the best underwriters. Similar results are found for the portfolios based on the MW reputation proxy in Panel B. For example, the difference between the low and high prestige groups is 2.90%, which is significant at the 5% percent level. Table V presents the regression results of the ten-day IPO returns. The coefficients of the reputation proxies are all positive with the MW coefficients significant at the 5% level. Results show that the MW measures have a slightly higher explanatory power than the CM measure. On the other hand, none of the control variables (Size, Issp and Proba) is significant. This result shows that underwriter reputation significantly affects the short-run performance of the IPOs. It is consistent with the contention that underwriters support the stock price during the first several trading days and that underwriters with better reputations make a stronger effort to support the aftermarket price. Note that while the coefficient of underwriter reputation is statistically significant, the R2 is low, suggesting that it may not be economically significant. C. Long-Run Performance and Underwriter Reputation Prior studies have documented that IPO stocks underperform comparable non-IPO stocks over a longer horizon (see, for example, Ritter 1991; Loughran and Ritter 1995; Chen, Firth and Kim 2000; and Chan, Wang and Wei 2002). Using the U.S. IPO data from 1979-1991, Carter, Dark and Singh (1998) find that the long-run market-adjusted returns of IPOs tend to increase, or the IPO underperformance is reduced, with underwriter reputation. However, none of these studies has documented the relationship between the long-run performance of IPOs and the reputation of the underwriters in the Chinese market. Table VI presents the long-run cumulative market-adjusted returns of IPO stocks over a three-year horizon after the offering. Again, IPOs are divided into three groups based on the ranks of the CM and MW measures in Panels A and B, respectively. For the CM portfolios, the three-year cumulative return is -20.80% for the group with lowest underwriter reputation. But for the medium and high prestige groups, the cumulative returns are 12.92% and 17.46%, respectively. Similar results are found for the MW portfolios. Thus, long-run market-adjusted returns increase with underwriter reputation. Contrary to the findings of Loughran and Ritter (1995) and Chan, Wang and Wei (2002), the overall long-run market-adjusted return of Chinas IPOs is positive. Investors can earn higher returns by investing in the IPOs underwritten by better underwriters. The differences in the market-adjusted returns between the low and high prestige groups are large and significant at the 1% level. The difference is 38.26% (42.36%) when groups are ranked based on the CM (MW) measure. The results suggest that the quality of underwriters signals the long-run performance of IPOs. Table VII reports the regression results for the long-run market-adjusted returns of IPO stocks. As expected, the coefficients for CM and MW are positive and significant at the 1% level. These results are consistent with those reported in Table VI, and suggest that underwriters with better reputations have a greater ability to distinguish the quality of issuing firms and that they tend to underwrite stocks of high-quality firms to enhance their reputation. However, it should be noted that regressions contain substantial noise in the data as revealed by low R2. D. Operating Performance and Underwriter Reputation The preceding results show that IPO stocks underwritten by investment bankers with better reputations tend to generate better long-term returns. An important question is whether this stock return performance is reflected in firms operating performance. In this section, we examine the long-run operating performance of IPO firms. Table VIII reports changes in the operating performance of IPO firms surrounding the year of issuance. The performance measures include the operating returns on assets (ROA), operating cash flows on total assets (CFOA), sales growth rate (Sale_G), and asset turnover (ATO). It is shown that ROA, CFOA and ATO decline steadily after the issuance, regardless of which event window is viewed. These results are consistent with the findings of Jain and Kini (1994), Mikkelson, Partch, and Shah (1997) and Chan, Wang and Wei (2002) that the issuing firms operating performance deteriorates after the initial public offering. These results may reflect managers attempts to window-dress their accounting statements prior to going public, which leads to pre-IPO performance being over-stated and post-IPO performance being understated. An important issue is whether the operating performance of issuing firms is correlated with underwriter reputation. Table VIII shows that the operating performance of the IPO group with high underwriter prestige is better than that of the group with low prestige no matter which event window is used. The differences in the operating performance between IPO groups with high and low underwriter prestige are often sizable. For example, the mean ROA of the group with high prestige is 13.85% before the firms issue their IPOs, while that of the group with low prestige is only 11.95%. This means that the ROA of the IPO firm group with low prestige is about 15% lower than that the group with high prestige. In general, the difference between the high and low prestige groups is statistically more significant when the MW reputation measure is used. The return on total asset, the operating cash flow to total asset ratio and asset turnover are all significantly higher for the high-prestige IPO gro up. These results reinforce the findings from stock return performance that high-prestige underwriters have a greater ability to discern the quality of IPO firms. Table IX reports the regression results for IPO firms operating performance before and after the issuing year. The dependent variables of the regressions are the operating performance measures reported in Table VIII whereas the independent variables are CM and MW reputation proxies. The overall results show that operating performance of IPO firms is positively related to underwriter reputation. However, this relationship is not as strong as that exhibited in stock returns. The t statistics are significant at the five percent level for the asset turnover, suggesting that the firm group with better underwriter reputation typically has higher sales before the initial public offering. Other regressions also show positive relations between operating performance measures and underwriter reputation but they are not statistically significant. Thus, although there are indications that firms future performance is positively correlated with underwriter reputation, this positive relationship is weaker than that exhibited by aftermarket stock returns. 5. Conclusion In this paper we examine the relationship between performance of Chinese IPO firms and the reputation of investment bankers underwriting their stocks. Similar to the findings for other markets, we find that the initial return on the first day of trading is strongly positive for Chinese IPO stocks. This strong positive return reflects the IPO underpricing phenomenon well documented in the literature. More importantly, we find that the first-day return is negatively related with the underwriters reputation. Thus, the better the reputation of the underwriter, the smaller the amount of underpricing and hence the lower the initial return of the IPO stock. When we extend our analysis to a ten-day window, we find that the cumulative returns are negative shortly after the first trading day. However, this decline is less severe for the stocks with high-prestige underwriters. The results show that the stocks underwritten by investment bankers with better reputations tend to be more stable in the aftermarket. This implies that better underwriters make a greater effort to stabilize the market after the stock is publicly traded. As we further increase the event horizon to three years, we find several interesting results. The long-run return of Chinese IPO stocks show an overall positive return in the three-year period. This finding contrasts sharply with empirical evidence of overwhelming long-run negative IPO returns for the well-developed markets documented in the literature. The regression results show a striking positive relationship between the long-run returns of IPO stocks and underwriter reputation. Results suggest that either investment bankers with better reputations have a greater ability to discern the quality of issuing firms or quality firms will seek out high-prestige underwriters. At any rate, underwriter reputation signals firm quality. Moreover, there is evidence that the operating performance in terms of various accounting measures is better before and after the stock is publicly traded for those firms hiring underwriters with better reputations. Overall, the results support the contention that IPO returns are positively correlated with underwriter reputation and better investment bankers have a greater ability to predict future profitability of issuing firms.

Research Paper Topics For The Dissertation

<h1>Research Paper Topics For The Dissertation</h1><p>Selecting International Relations Research Paper Topics for a thesis can be a simple errand in the event that you intend to compose a deliberate way to deal with the theme. Before you to settle on the theme you should assemble data on the subject which you will use as the reason for the dissertation.</p><p></p><p>Different zones of study incorporate the accompanying, Political Science, International Relations, Economics, Sociology, Political Science and History. As should be obvious it is an exceptionally wide point and there is likewise such a significant number of conceivable Research Paper Topics for the dissertation.</p><p></p><p>As recently referenced, you have various configurations to look over when you are composing your exposition. Try not to lose all sense of direction in the likelihood that the thesis paper themes are excessively various. The explanation behind this is you may see a thesis as excessively prohibitive and not have the option to truly investigate all the various alternatives that are available.</p><p></p><p>If you know about your topic then you might need to start by investigating the numerous International Relations Research Paper Topics that is accessible. Settle on the kinds of research subjects that will best meet your needs.</p><p></p><p>Once you have chosen your point, you should make your postulation proclamation. Ensure that it is brief and contains your essential contention just as supporting proof. In a similar respect you will likewise need to pick between utilizing either pre-arranged information sheets or an increasingly self-archiving approach.</p><p></p><p>You ought to recall that the exploration paper points that you decide to compose your thesis might be altogether different from those utilized in other degree programs. For instanc e, in human science there are numerous themes that understudies decide to research. Along these lines, you ought not expect that all examination paper points are indistinguishable from other degree programs.</p><p></p><p>As well, the thesis that you will submit will be checked on before the PhD is presented. Accordingly, you should be certain that your exploration paper points are sufficiently able to be audited by a board of trustees before accommodation. Moreover, on the off chance that you have decided to utilize a thesis altering administration you might need to ensure that they are knowledgeable about examining International Relations papers.</p><p></p><p>By setting aside the effort to do a little research on the International Relations Research Paper Topics accessible to you, you will be more ready to choose a point that you will be keen on. All things considered, that is the thing that the paper is about - to compose a methodica l way to deal with the topic!</p>

Using Essay Samples to Help You Succeed

<h1>Using Essay Samples to Help You Succeed</h1><p>If you are composing a paper or an article and would prefer not to utilize the standard configuration of the primary individual and afterward third individual, at that point consider utilizing some exposition tests that will assist you with beginning. Obviously, these example articles ought to be utilized as a guide so as to concoct the best exposition that can meet your needs.</p><p></p><p>Google is an extraordinary asset for discovering whatever intrigues you. In case you're scanning for a specific word or expression, you can discover it utilizing a web index, for example, Google. It very well may be exceptionally disappointing to start your exploration by composing 'about' into Google. You will acknowledge when you utilize the article tests that there are as of now many sites accessible that offer data about explicit themes or subjects.</p><p></p><p>The thing to rec all when utilizing the exposition tests is that they are not composed only to give data about something you can without much of a stretch find out about all alone. Rather, you will find that these articles are utilized to give you instances of what the author is attempting to pass on in his/her writing.</p><p></p><p>So on the off chance that you are searching for instances of the exposition tests, you should utilize the web crawlers to discover them. You can even do a basic sort of word looking so as to locate various sites that work in giving you the sort of data that you are searching for. There is likewise a whole site out there that will furnish you with one exposition test after another for free.</p><p></p><p>The central matter is that composing an article isn't simple and each understudy and author need to realize that they can do it. The equivalent is genuine when you are composing an individual article. The exposition tests are only one approach to support you with the goal that you can be certain that you are making the most ideal article. At the point when you realize that you are being straightforward with yourself, it has a significant effect in the world.</p><p></p><p>The motivation behind why these paper tests are so useful is on the grounds that they help you to turn out to be increasingly imaginative and creative with your composing style. It is something that you are answerable for and once you feel good with your aptitudes, you can without much of a stretch move onto different sorts of papers. All that is required is some training. With training, you will have the option to make papers that stand apart from the crowd.</p><p></p><p>Writing an exposition without utilizing an article layout or paper test will presumably wind up harming your odds of accomplishment. You should be imaginative and exploit all the assets that are accessible to you. Simply recall that the objective of this exposition venture is to figure out how to compose for yourself. By exploiting all the assets that are accessible to you, you will wind up accomplishing this objective a lot snappier than if you had attempted to do it on your own.</p>

Your Sample of Essay for Sar

<h1>Your Sample of Essay for Sar</h1><p>It is basic to save tests of article for sar close by consistently. Regardless of whether you are stepping through an examination that tests your composing aptitudes or you are an educator searching for a fast test, it is critical to consistently have tests accessible. For most understudies, they might not have an idea with regards to what to compose, so it is essential to compose as though you are taking the test.</p><p></p><p>You need to recall that when you are taking a paper, you ought to be as readied as could reasonably be expected. It is fundamental to recollect that there are tests that test an unexpected aptitude in comparison to composing. A portion of these tests can test language structure, a few tests can test sentence structure, and a few tests may test your composing skills.</p><p></p><p>It is additionally a great plan to hear a second point of view before you take a stab at anything new. As it were, ask somebody who has taken an example test like this previously. It is additionally useful to verify whether you have it right. At times, in the event that you know the appropriate response or blend of answers, it will assist you with perceiving what number of inquiries are left before the test is complete.</p><p></p><p>If you don't feel sufficiently certain to compose something all alone, at that point have a companion take an example of exposition for war too. You can likewise request that they read the example over to you and have them let you know whether you have accomplished something incorrectly. Truth be told, they can assist you with your composition, and it is regularly useful to have somebody to help with the learning process.</p><p></p><p>At the finish of your example, you will get an opportunity to return and check for blunders in the whole exposition. This will assist you with keeping your score up high and it will ensure that your examples of exposition for war are on the whole all set before you begin taking the genuine test. It additionally assists with having a thought of the amount progressively troublesome the genuine test will be so you will be prepared for it.</p><p></p><p>The best thing about examples of paper for war is that you can do these examples whenever. They are normally composed from memory, so you will need to have something prepared at last. You can go for a stroll around the store with the paper and check whether you discover something that you have neglected to record. A smidgen of research on the Internet can give you a smart thought about the correct method to compose a paper, which will assist you with this exposition for war as well.</p><p></p><p>If you are stepping through an exam, you might need to consider utilizing an example article to get ready for the genuine test. It will assist you with keeping away from a ton of composing work that can be handily stayed away from with a test this way. You can likewise be progressively arranged in light of the fact that the educator won't have the entirety of the data that you will require before the test starts. This will guarantee that you will breeze through the assessment and your examples of exposition for sar will likewise be prepared for use when you get to the real test.</p><p></p><p>You might need to concentrate on article writing to perceive how to compose well, however here and there, you need to ensure that you are all set and you can deal with the pressure of a test. Utilizing tests of exposition for sar will assist you with discovering how to compose just as how much work you should do once you begin stepping through an examination. This will likewise assist you with learning the correct method to handle an article and get past it rapidly so you won't miss a great deal of the inquiries th at may come up on the test.</p>

Writing a Persuasive Essay Topic on Animals

Writing a Persuasive Essay Topic on AnimalsIf you are writing a persuasive essay on animals, you will have a tough time getting your point across. In this day and age, animals are viewed as people in a non-human state, even if they are far from being non-human. People get upset when you put them in a negative light, as you should not judge them as a whole, but you should judge the individual members of the group. Whether you agree with them or not is immaterial.Most animal rights groups that advocate for the rights of animals to be treated humanely are viewed as 'extremists' by most people. But that does not mean that all groups that advocate for animal rights are extremists. They are advocating for the right of animals to live in a way that we can all live in an optimal way.You may disagree with the way that you want animals to be treated. You may think that the way you raise your animals or use them is better than the way they were raised in the past. Whatever the case, you should not label a group as an extremist for advocating for their positions.Whether or not the group is right, it does not matter to the majority of people. What matters is that they feel more comfortable when dealing with those who claim to care about animals. That is why you should not consider animal rights groups as extremists.For some reason, many people view animal rights groups as extremists. They are not 'extremists'. They are just people that feel that they have the right to be in an animal welfare group because they believe that animals have the same rights as humans do. To have a group labeled as 'extremists' is counterproductive.You should only focus on what is relevant to a person's opinion and values. If you want a group labeled as an extremist, you should focus on the group's goals. Their beliefs that the group supports are irrelevant. If the group supports animal rights, you should only be concerned with the fact that the group advocates for the rights of animals.Arguments in support of animals should not be written on the argumentum ad verecundiam, which is a legal term that is often misinterpreted. An argument on the fallacy of arguments based on principle is what you should focus on when writing an essay on animals. If you are talking about how animals feel, then you should keep that in mind when writing your essay on animals.You should never write an essay on animals that is not from a place of rationality and a reasonable person. If you do, you are bound to offend some people. You may also be criticized for trying to justify the way that you live.

Topics For An Opinion Essay For 5th Graders

Topics For An Opinion Essay For 5th GradersIn writing an opinion essay for 5th graders, you will be faced with the task of weighing your opinions with the facts. Here are a few topics to consider that will help you see things from a different perspective. By the time you finish this exercise, you will know what you really think about certain topics.There are two major topics for which most opinions are recorded. The first is the legality of drug use. Some people support the legalization of marijuana and others believe it is still a controlled substance. However, the topic of drugs is not that simple.When it comes to illegal drugs, the topic is complicated and technical. You need to keep in mind the issue of addiction. There is some evidence to suggest that the human brain learns better when using drugs than it does when there is no stimulation.One of the issues that many schools opt to address in their opinion essays is child discipline. School administrators are often criticized for not disciplining children who demonstrate the wrong behavior. This includes corporal punishment. A topic such as this requires a lot of research and analysis to weigh the pros and cons of disciplinary action.The second topic is legal issues. Sometimes a controversy arises over a topic that gets out of hand and gets out of control. This can lead to confusion among the audience.Other times the topic is controversial because of the political side. The topic may involve government overreach, a freedom of speech issue, or a debate about racial issues. Sometimes the topic is one that the writer cannot speak for himself, or perhaps there is something about the topic that he doesnot want to discuss. These topics are usually best handled by another expert on the topic.When you look at it from a political standpoint, it is easy to see why many teachers use opinions for an opinion essay for 5th graders. In addition, because it is a subject that has so much to say, most authors can have a bett er opinion than the average person. The writers' point of view is often unique to them and their experiences.On the other hand, the topics for an opinion essay for 5th graders often have a consensus. And the consensus viewpoint is often what the teachers put in their writing. Most teachers have opinions on everything from animal rights to the perfect night of sleep for their children.

The Discovery of DNA Essay - 723 Words

DNA – the very molecule that defines who we are. It is still fascinating that a molecule that is so small that is not visible to the naked eye determines not just our physical appearance but also our mental wellbeing. Over 60 years, the discovery of the double helix DNA had impacted various fields relating to Biology and Chemistry, contributing to the advancement of technology and subsequently mankind too. The discovery of DNA had opened up many opportunities in the field of genetics. By analysis a DNA of an individual, we are able to diagnose diseases that are hereditary at an early stage. Genetic diseases are diseases that arise from one or more abnormalities in a genotype (or genotypes) (Elston, 311). Genetic diseases such as sickle†¦show more content†¦Paternity tests are done to identify a child’s biological parents, which, according to Ian Murnaghan, â€Å"has a significant effect on a childs upbringing and his or her life†. Many cases of paternit y testing is done to ensure that the biological parent takes responsibility for his or her child. This is not limited to the entertainment industry, where famous artists such as Mick Jagger were made to take responsibility over his biological son through a paternity testing (Watson, 286). On the other hand, families are being reunited through the use of DNA as well. Relatives that were separated due to extreme circumstances were able to reunite with their family. Long lost relatives and children that were given up for adoption had benefitted from this, allowing them to gain a sense of belonging and a true â€Å"home† to return to. Mary-Claire King, who was then a professor of epidemiology and genetics at the University of California at Berkeley, used genetic testing to reunite children with their grandparents after their parents had â€Å"disappeared† during Argentina’s â€Å"dirty war† (Kaye, 98). Apart from humans, DNA had also impacted other living things such as animals and plants. With the discovery of DNA, the agriculture field had improved tremendously in both quality and quantity. The quest to produce plants that contains better traits had been initiated by Gregor Mendel. Mendel had worked with the characteristics of pea plants and coined theShow MoreRelatedThe Discoveries Of The Discovery Of Dna957 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of DNA is arguably one of the most important breakthroughs of genetics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its discovery is littered with successes, failures, and even heartache. Numerous scientists are attributed to the discovery of DNA as a genetic material and even many more are also credited to the discovery of the molecule, structure, and function. Without the work of these remarkable scientists, the medical advancements over the last 50 years would not be possible. In 1865Read MoreThe Discovery Of The Dna1088 Words   |  5 PagesScientist Who Co-Discovered the DNA Says Our Genes Were Brought Here by Aliens Francis Crick (8 June 1916 — 28 July 2004) was an English scientist who was most noted for being a co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 alongside James D. Watson. Francis Crick Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology for Medicine â€Å"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer inRead MoreThe Discovery Of Dna Testing1179 Words   |  5 Pagesspecialized tools and processes while utilizing new discoveries to aid understanding of the past. One significant advancement is the discovery of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). The discovery of DNA has greatly enhanced our ability to analyze ancient remains and interpret the findings within the field of archeology. 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Where DNA is the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, though it is more known by nearly everyone simply as DNA. The idea behind DNA is that it is a self-replicating material that can be found in all living organisms, especially humans. The structure of DNA was solved in the year 1953, and was solved by four very important scientists who were; Francis Crick, RosalindRead MoreEssay On DNA Discoveries945 Words   |  4 PagesDiscoveries in DNA, cell biology, evolution, biotechnology have been among the major achievements in biology over the past 200 years with accelerated discoveries and insights over the last 50 years. Consider the progress we have made in these areas of human knowledge. Present at least three of the discoveries you find to be most important and d escribe their significance to society, health, and the culture of modern life. DNA per medical dictionary is defined as A nucleic acid that carries the geneticRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Double Helix And Dna979 Words   |  4 PagesDNA is the central dogma of modern biology, it is present in all living things from bacteria to mammals. DNA carries the genetic information of the organism and is used in processes like mitosis, meiosis and protein production. The reason as to why I chose this topic specifically is because it is central to my favourite aspect of biology, genetics. Prior to the discover of the double helix and DNA itself there was some information and experiments done on genetics with what little knowledge theyRead MoreEssay on The Discovery Of The Structure Of DNA1526 Words   |  7 PagesJames Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, but only by drawing on the work of many scientists who came before them. (Maddox, 2003) In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty published â€Å"Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types†, which was the first scientific work to identify DNA as the molecule that carried genetic information, and became a breakthrough at that time. (Avery, Macleod, McCarty, 1944) BeforeRead More Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay2374 Words   |  10 PagesDiscovery of the Structure of DNA On the last day of February in 1953, according to James Watson, Francis Crick announced to the patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, â€Å"We have discovered the secret of life† (Watson 115, 1980). As Brian Hayes, the author of â€Å"The Invention of the Genetic Code† states, â€Å"If life ever had a secret, the double helix of DNA was surely it† (1). However, it was not the work of these two men alone that led to the discovery of the power the lies within the double helixRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Dna Double Helix1913 Words   |  8 PagesThe discovery of the DNA double helix is known to be accredited to James Watson and Francis Crick. Watson describes the events that led up to the discovery in his book The Double Helix. Although they both have put in a significant amount of time and work to find the structure of DNA, one individual who was key to putting their pieces together was Rosalind Franklin. Considering Franklin’s efforts and contributions to the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which have helped Watson and Crick with their

Simplification Taxpayer Compliance Costs - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personal and Simplification Taxpayer Compliance Costs. Answer: Introduction: In order to reconcile the financial accounting with the tax accounting it is necessary to add back the non-tax income and provide deduction or adjustment for taxation items. Accounting depreciation $ 55,351.00 Provision for annual leave $ 19,752.00 Provision for wastage of food $ 13,578.00 Excess wages over normal wages $ 19,080.00 Repair that should be capitalized $ 16,600.00 Bad debt $ 2,985.00 Total $ 127,346.00 The accounting depreciation is not allowed as deduction as and the depreciation amount that is allowable under tax should be allowed as deduction. The provisions are not tax-deductible expenditure. The wages that is paid in excess of the general market condition is not allowed as deduction for the purpose of tax. The cash basis of accounting is followed so bad debt is not allowed as deduction. Calculation of Taxable income Particulars Amount Net Profit As per Accounts $ 274,999.00 Tax Expenses $ 810,053.00 Profit before Tax $ 1,085,052.00 Add: Accounting depreciation $ 55,351.00 Provision for annual leave $ 19,752.00 Provision for wastage of food $ 13,578.00 Excess wages over normal wages $ 19,080.00 Repair that should be capitalized $ 16,600.00 Bad debt $ 2,985.00 Total $ 127,346.00 Add: Franking credit $ 8,744.00 Dividend withheld $ 2,000.00 Less: Depreciation $ 60,000.00 Taxable Profit $ 1,163,142.00 Reference James, S., Sawyer, A. and Wallschutzky, I., 2015. Tax simplification: A review of initiatives in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.eJournal of Tax Research,13(1), p.280. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.